REGARDING YOUR OWN PERFORMANCE1. What were the three aspects of the assignments I've submitted that I am most proud of?
I think I did a good job of using pictures for each assignment.
2. What two aspects of my submitted assignments do I believe could have used some improvement?
I’m not sure if I made all of the essays long enough. I could have picked more physically challenging activities for my lab project.
3. What do I believe my overall grade should be for this unit?
I hate this question because it’s kind of like a trick question. Of course everyone wants to say A but they don’t want to be conceded. I’m not sure I feel like I didn’t work as hard on this one as I did the last one, but this one was a lot less chapters than the last one. It was also I think easier material to cover. I would like to say low A or a B.
4. How could I perform better in the next unit?
By trying to include references other than the text book.
At what moment during this unit did you feel most engaged with the course?
I liked the first online blood pressure lab.
At what moment unit did you feel most distanced from the course?
Trying to get to the store over and over to use their machine.
What action that anyone (teacher or student) took during this unit that find most affirming and helpful?
I’m not sure this applies because we don’t really work with the other students.
What action that anyone (teacher or student) took during this unit did you find most puzzling or confusing? Same as above.
What about this unit surprised you the most? (This could be something about your own reactions to the course, something that someone did, or anything else that occurs to you.) I think I was most surprised at how much your blood pressure varies.
Saturday, June 30, 2007
UNIT II LAB PROJECT
Unit II Lab Project
For this project I am going to show how pulse, blood pressure and respiration rates change depending on the type of activity you are doing.
The first activity I chose was shopping-walking. The second was eating and the last one was running a half of a mile. After each activity I used a store’s machine to check what my blood pressure and pulse was. Then I also counted my respirations.
For this project I am going to show how pulse, blood pressure and respiration rates change depending on the type of activity you are doing.
The first activity I chose was shopping-walking. The second was eating and the last one was running a half of a mile. After each activity I used a store’s machine to check what my blood pressure and pulse was. Then I also counted my respirations.
This is a picture of my treadmill that This is a picture of the blood pressure machine.
I used for the running exercise.
This is a pic of cooking food to eat. This is the BP machine again.
This is a pic of grocery shopping.
My hypothesis is that after shopping-walking my physiology levels will be about the same as resting maybe slightly higher. After eating I think they will be a little higher than normal but only a small amount. I expect the levels to be much higher after running. Than resting because your heart is pumping faster when you are really active.The only problem I see with my method of collecting data results is that I’m running on my treadmill at home then driving to the grocery store to check my blood pressure. So this could affect the results because of the time it takes to get to the grocery store. To try to help them be as accurate as possible I parked in the back of the parking lot and ran into the store. Also with eating it still takes a few minutes to get to the store.
After comparing all of the data I have found that my hypothesis was correct. After each activity my physiology readings went up. They went up the most when I ran. This was the most physically exerting of the three activities which explains why the readings went up as much as they did. They only went up a little with walking-shopping. With eating they also went up but not a huge amount.
This is my graph showing the mean results for each activity. Please note that I e-mailed you the detailed chart due to difficulty uploading it thanks.
In conclusion I think it is obvious to see that the more active you are the higher your blood pressure will be. When we are active we breathe faster our heart pumps faster to keep supplying our blood with fresh oxygen and removing carbon dioxide from our blood stream. When eating your body uses energy to digest the food so I believe this is why my blood pressure and rates increased after this activity. According to the American Heart association your blood pressure will change depending on the type of exercise. “Although blood pressure goes up during any kind of exercise, the changes brought on by exercise vary according to whether the exercise is static or dynamic.” (American Heart assoc.) During dynamic exercise we use energy derived from consuming oxygen for example: running, bicycling and aerobics. So our body needs more oxygen when we are exercising. To keep up with our needs we breathe harder and our heart pumps faster. This makes our systolic blood pressure higher. Diastolic (the measurement or the resting period) stays close to the same. Pulse rate increases as well. All of this is so that our body can provide more oxygen-blood to the cells in our muscles that are performing the exercise. Static or isometric exercise does not increase your blood pressure as much. Isometric exercise is like weight lifting. The weight lifter uses curtain muscles with resistance against his force. This does not cause a person to have to use much more oxygen so in turn it doesn’t increase blood pressure very much.
Work Cited:
http://www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml?identifier=1200000
Work Cited:
http://www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml?identifier=1200000
Monday, June 25, 2007
Unit II Compendium review 1
Unit II Compendium Review 1
MAJOR TOPIC ONE: OXYGEN/MICROBES/IMMUNITY
(How cells of the body get oxygen)
(How body fights invasive cells)
• Cardiovascular System and Blood 5-6
• Cellular Respiration and Oxygen 5-6
*Immunity and Microbes 7
• AIDS
Cardiovascular system and blood:
The cardiovascular system is made up of the heart and blood vessels. The heart pumps blood threw the vessels and transports the blood. It maintains blood pressure. There are three types of vessels in our bodies: arteries, capillaries and veins. Arteries are large main veins leading from the heart delivering blood to the other vessels. When you feel your pulse it is in a main artery. Vessels are smaller veins that return blood to the heart. They have valves that prevent blood from going backwards. Capillaries are like tiny intricate webs of blood vessels covering every where so that all our cells receive oxygen from our blood. The heart is a muscular organ with four chambers. They have valves inside them that keep blood headed in the right direction. Blood goes from the heart into the lungs to receive more oxygen it is then called O2 rich blood. It circulates our bodies and comes back as O2 poor blood. Our lungs oxygenate our blood. The heart muscle beats then relaxes. When doing blood pressure the working or pumping part of the reading is called the systole number (the higher #) When the heart is relaxed the number is a diastole reading or number. (The lower #) Normal blood pressure is in where from 95-135 over 50-90. Arteries can become narrowed because of cholesterol and fatty deposits. When this happens the heart has to work much harder to pump the blood threw. Sometimes blood clots can form. If they travel to the heart or brain and block an artery it will cause a heart attack or stroke.
In this picture you can see how a blood clot causes a heart attack.
This picture below shows an artery with red and white blood cells.
This picture below shows an artery with red and white blood cells.
This is a picture of an constricted blood vessel that has plaque or fatty material and cholesterol slowing down the flow of blood. Notice how small the whole is that blood has to flow threw.
Cellular Respiration and Oxygen:
“Blood delivers oxygen from the lungs and nutrients from the digestive tract to the tissues, where an exchange takes place. It picks up and transports carbon dioxide and wastes away from tissues to exchange surfaces in the lungs and kidneys.” (Mader pg 106)
Red blood cells are a unique kind of cell the do not have a nucleus like other cells. They contain hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is what makes our blood red. The iron group in the cell collect oxygen from the lungs and disperses it threw out the tissues. “Each red blood cell can carry over a billion copies of oxygen.” (Mader 108) Red blood cells don’t contain all of the organelles that other cells have. Instead they use up all of that extra space carrying oxygen molecules. Red blood cells also carry carbon dioxide to our lungs where it diffuses out of our blood. In this way red blood cells help oxygenate our whole system. They also provide oxygen to all the different cells in our body, helping them to maintain their functions.
“Blood delivers oxygen from the lungs and nutrients from the digestive tract to the tissues, where an exchange takes place. It picks up and transports carbon dioxide and wastes away from tissues to exchange surfaces in the lungs and kidneys.” (Mader pg 106)
Red blood cells are a unique kind of cell the do not have a nucleus like other cells. They contain hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is what makes our blood red. The iron group in the cell collect oxygen from the lungs and disperses it threw out the tissues. “Each red blood cell can carry over a billion copies of oxygen.” (Mader 108) Red blood cells don’t contain all of the organelles that other cells have. Instead they use up all of that extra space carrying oxygen molecules. Red blood cells also carry carbon dioxide to our lungs where it diffuses out of our blood. In this way red blood cells help oxygenate our whole system. They also provide oxygen to all the different cells in our body, helping them to maintain their functions.
This is an image of a vaccination.
Immunity and Microbes:
When a person is vaccinated for a disease an antigen is injected into their body. Then their immune system fights off the invader building up immunity to the illness. This way if the person is exposed to that same illness their immune system will recognize it and know how to fight it off and they won’t catch it. Or when you have chicken pox’s as a child you won’t get it again for the same reason as a vaccine. This is called active immunity. Microbes can be good or bad organisms. Good microbes can be found in dairy products. Bad microbes are called pathogens. They cause diseases. Viruses are like parasites they have to have a host to live off of. Our bodies are made to defend against them. We are covered in skin to help prevent them from entering. If they do get in our system our white blood cells work to fight them off and kill them. Our memory b cells produce antibodies so if the same bacteria inter the body again they will be ready for them. Cytotoxic T-cells kill bad infected cells. Helper T-cells stimulate other immune cells to start working.
When a person is vaccinated for a disease an antigen is injected into their body. Then their immune system fights off the invader building up immunity to the illness. This way if the person is exposed to that same illness their immune system will recognize it and know how to fight it off and they won’t catch it. Or when you have chicken pox’s as a child you won’t get it again for the same reason as a vaccine. This is called active immunity. Microbes can be good or bad organisms. Good microbes can be found in dairy products. Bad microbes are called pathogens. They cause diseases. Viruses are like parasites they have to have a host to live off of. Our bodies are made to defend against them. We are covered in skin to help prevent them from entering. If they do get in our system our white blood cells work to fight them off and kill them. Our memory b cells produce antibodies so if the same bacteria inter the body again they will be ready for them. Cytotoxic T-cells kill bad infected cells. Helper T-cells stimulate other immune cells to start working.
This is a diagram of the AIDS viruse.
AIDS:
AIDS or Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome is a group of symptoms and infections resulting from a damaged immune system caused by HIV or Human Immunodeficiency virus. AIDS/HIV is spread threw bodily fluids: blood, semen and vaginal fluids. Mothers can pass the disease to their babies during birth or breast feeding. You can not get it from causal contact or even kissing. You would have to swallow a gallon of saliva to get it from kissing. The majority of people with AIDS got it from unprotected sex. Unprotected sex is the number one way that they disease is spread. A third of all new infections are from drug use and sharing syringes. Another common way to get it is threw an infected blood transfusion. (Wikipedia 07)
There is no cure for AIDS, but there are medications that slow down the progression. The current medications used are called HAART or highly active antiretroviral therapy. Doctors use a combination of medicines called a cocktail. The medication helps to keep blood cell counts up and hopefully prevent infections. Most patients have to take a large number of pills a day, to try to stay as healthy as possible.On average it takes about 10 years with out medication to progress from HIV to AIDS. After developing full blown AIDS most people only live 9 months. (Wikipedia 07) With treatment people in America have been living on average 24 years. People who are old or already have a weekend immune system don’t usually live as long. The disease also progresses quicker in children than adults. Having a weekend immune system causes the infected person to get sick very easily. Often times they die of AIDS related illnesses. For example: Pneumonia, Lymphoma, Kaposi Sarcomas, dementia and Tuberculosis are some of the most common related illnesses. Lymphoma is cancer of the limp nodes. Kaposi’s Sarcomas are cancerous lessons or tumors on the walls of blood vessels in the chest and body. AIDS also damages brain cells causing dementia.
An estimated 25 million people have died from AIDS since 1981. Worldwide there are between 33 million to 46 million people living with the virus. (Wikipedia 07)
There are a many misconceptions about AIDS in Africa. It’s a common belief that sex with a virgin will cure you of AIDS; because of this belief men are raping young girls and even children spreading the disease. There are also a lot of tribes at war and it is common practice to rape the women of the opposing tribe, further spreading the disease. Children are hugely affected by the AIDS in Africa. Mothers are spreading the disease to their babies at birth or while nursing. There are medications to help stop the spread at birth, but AIDS medications are expense and not widely available in Africa. The UN estimates that there are 2.3 million children under 15 living with HIV. There is also a huge problem with children becoming orphans, when so many adults are dying of AIDS. In sub Saharan Africa 57% of infected people are women. Young women ages 15-24 are three times more likely to have HIV, then boys their same age. Over 64% of people living with HIV live in South Africa. (Wikipedia 07)
Each year more and more people contract and die from the disease than the year before. Scientists are working hard to find a cure. They have developed better medications over the years. People are living longer with treatment than ever before. But they still will eventually die very prematurely. It is important to learn about HIV/AIDS because it is a deadly epidemic. Educating yourself and others will help prevent the spread of the disease. Just because the largest number of infected people live in Africa doesn’t mean you can’t get it here in America too.
References
Wikipedia (2007), online encyclopedia. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/aids
Madder, Sylvia S. “Human Biology” 10th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2007.
AIDS or Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome is a group of symptoms and infections resulting from a damaged immune system caused by HIV or Human Immunodeficiency virus. AIDS/HIV is spread threw bodily fluids: blood, semen and vaginal fluids. Mothers can pass the disease to their babies during birth or breast feeding. You can not get it from causal contact or even kissing. You would have to swallow a gallon of saliva to get it from kissing. The majority of people with AIDS got it from unprotected sex. Unprotected sex is the number one way that they disease is spread. A third of all new infections are from drug use and sharing syringes. Another common way to get it is threw an infected blood transfusion. (Wikipedia 07)
There is no cure for AIDS, but there are medications that slow down the progression. The current medications used are called HAART or highly active antiretroviral therapy. Doctors use a combination of medicines called a cocktail. The medication helps to keep blood cell counts up and hopefully prevent infections. Most patients have to take a large number of pills a day, to try to stay as healthy as possible.On average it takes about 10 years with out medication to progress from HIV to AIDS. After developing full blown AIDS most people only live 9 months. (Wikipedia 07) With treatment people in America have been living on average 24 years. People who are old or already have a weekend immune system don’t usually live as long. The disease also progresses quicker in children than adults. Having a weekend immune system causes the infected person to get sick very easily. Often times they die of AIDS related illnesses. For example: Pneumonia, Lymphoma, Kaposi Sarcomas, dementia and Tuberculosis are some of the most common related illnesses. Lymphoma is cancer of the limp nodes. Kaposi’s Sarcomas are cancerous lessons or tumors on the walls of blood vessels in the chest and body. AIDS also damages brain cells causing dementia.
An estimated 25 million people have died from AIDS since 1981. Worldwide there are between 33 million to 46 million people living with the virus. (Wikipedia 07)
There are a many misconceptions about AIDS in Africa. It’s a common belief that sex with a virgin will cure you of AIDS; because of this belief men are raping young girls and even children spreading the disease. There are also a lot of tribes at war and it is common practice to rape the women of the opposing tribe, further spreading the disease. Children are hugely affected by the AIDS in Africa. Mothers are spreading the disease to their babies at birth or while nursing. There are medications to help stop the spread at birth, but AIDS medications are expense and not widely available in Africa. The UN estimates that there are 2.3 million children under 15 living with HIV. There is also a huge problem with children becoming orphans, when so many adults are dying of AIDS. In sub Saharan Africa 57% of infected people are women. Young women ages 15-24 are three times more likely to have HIV, then boys their same age. Over 64% of people living with HIV live in South Africa. (Wikipedia 07)
Each year more and more people contract and die from the disease than the year before. Scientists are working hard to find a cure. They have developed better medications over the years. People are living longer with treatment than ever before. But they still will eventually die very prematurely. It is important to learn about HIV/AIDS because it is a deadly epidemic. Educating yourself and others will help prevent the spread of the disease. Just because the largest number of infected people live in Africa doesn’t mean you can’t get it here in America too.
References
Wikipedia (2007), online encyclopedia. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/aids
Madder, Sylvia S. “Human Biology” 10th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2007.
Narrow Artery: http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/CVHTML/CV007.html
Heart Attack: http://www.medicinenet.com/heart_attack/article.htm
AIDS: http://sites.unc.edu/daniel/11fall97/finals11/carraina/AIDS.html
Red blood cells cardio system: http://search.live.com/images/results.aspx?q=Red+Blood+Cell&mkt=en-US#
Syringe: http://familydoctor.org/online/famdocen/home/common/diabetes/treatment/253.html
Heart Attack: http://www.medicinenet.com/heart_attack/article.htm
AIDS: http://sites.unc.edu/daniel/11fall97/finals11/carraina/AIDS.html
Red blood cells cardio system: http://search.live.com/images/results.aspx?q=Red+Blood+Cell&mkt=en-US#
Syringe: http://familydoctor.org/online/famdocen/home/common/diabetes/treatment/253.html
Ethical Issue essay Unit II
America’s Eating Habits.
The issue is that America as a country is over weight and obese. What is causing the problem is arguable it could be the fast food industry with all of its commercial advertisements. It could be our fast paced lifestyles everyone works and it’s easier to pop something in the microwave than to cook a meal from scratch. So much of our food is processed and packed full of preservatives. The fruit and vegetables we have in our super markets are coming from hundreds and hundreds of miles away. Hardly anyone in our country is growing their own food, which is much healthier than processed mass produced food. The question is what should be done to make our country healthier? Is it each individual’s responsibility to worry about themselves? Or should we be worried about or country as a whole and the medical costs that all of us have to endure because of the obesity epidemic.
This is a tough issue. Personally I don’t grow any of my own food. I don’t buy organic food either. In today’s times I don’t know how anyone would find the time to have a garden. Most women work, fewer and fewer women are staying home. Which I think is a good thing for women’s independence, but it also changes the aspects of what a traditional family is. So when you work full time and have kids to come home and make dinner for it is hard to plan out really healthy meals. I honestly would have no clue how to grow a garden. Every house plant I’ve ever gotten has just died on me. My sister in-law has property and a garden. She home cooks everything, she even has chickens. I think her food bill is probably a lot less than other people’s. Especially when you consider how much it costs to go out to eat on a regular basis. But for most of us that lifestyle is unpractical. We don’t have to time to dedicate to gardening or just don’t want to do it. A lot of us would rather buy their produce at the store for the convenience. On the positive side I don’t eat fast food very often. I don’t drink pop or buy chips except for at a birthday party maybe. I do sometimes buy the already made frozen family sized diners because it is convenient and easy. I bought one of those pasta bags that are in the freezer section the other day. The kind where all you have to do is heat it in a pan. I happened to look at the back of the bag before I started cooking it and saw that it had 42 grams of fat per serving!! I was shocked. I couldn’t eat it after that. I don’t think we always realize just how much fat we are eating a day.
I think it is each person’s responsibility to watch what they eat. After all we can’t force people to not become obese. There are things that can be done. In Oregon they just passed a measure that the middle schools and high school can no longer have junk food in their vending machines. I think this is a positive step. The schools should also have gym class everyday not just once a week. They wonder why our children are so over weight in our country but they only do PE once a week. Most kids probably come home from school and park themselves in front of the TV all day. We need to start out with our children learning what is healthy to eat at school. They need to put a bigger emphasis on exercise and health in public schools. The health issues from obesity are staggering. Diabetes, heart attacks and hypertension are all scary illnesses but they don’t seem to be scary enough to prevent people from becoming obese. I have to admit I love chocolate and baking goodies. So it’s hard not to over eat. I think the key is everything in moderation. I’m not over weight and I still enjoy baking chocolate chip cookies often, but I also try not to eat other fatty things like deep fried things a lot. I buy fat free or low fat when ever possible. If you look at the media our culture seems to be either anorexic looking or obese the media doesn’t portray a healthy body image in our country.
As much as our country loves fast food, deep-fried and fatty foods I don’t see our obesity epidemic slowing down any in the future. If anything I think by the time my kids are grown up the majority of Americans will be over weight if not obese. This is an issue that is going to be ever present in our country. All of us as a society will be paying for it with our insurance costs ever rising to keep up with the health expenses involved with obesity.
The issue is that America as a country is over weight and obese. What is causing the problem is arguable it could be the fast food industry with all of its commercial advertisements. It could be our fast paced lifestyles everyone works and it’s easier to pop something in the microwave than to cook a meal from scratch. So much of our food is processed and packed full of preservatives. The fruit and vegetables we have in our super markets are coming from hundreds and hundreds of miles away. Hardly anyone in our country is growing their own food, which is much healthier than processed mass produced food. The question is what should be done to make our country healthier? Is it each individual’s responsibility to worry about themselves? Or should we be worried about or country as a whole and the medical costs that all of us have to endure because of the obesity epidemic.
This is a tough issue. Personally I don’t grow any of my own food. I don’t buy organic food either. In today’s times I don’t know how anyone would find the time to have a garden. Most women work, fewer and fewer women are staying home. Which I think is a good thing for women’s independence, but it also changes the aspects of what a traditional family is. So when you work full time and have kids to come home and make dinner for it is hard to plan out really healthy meals. I honestly would have no clue how to grow a garden. Every house plant I’ve ever gotten has just died on me. My sister in-law has property and a garden. She home cooks everything, she even has chickens. I think her food bill is probably a lot less than other people’s. Especially when you consider how much it costs to go out to eat on a regular basis. But for most of us that lifestyle is unpractical. We don’t have to time to dedicate to gardening or just don’t want to do it. A lot of us would rather buy their produce at the store for the convenience. On the positive side I don’t eat fast food very often. I don’t drink pop or buy chips except for at a birthday party maybe. I do sometimes buy the already made frozen family sized diners because it is convenient and easy. I bought one of those pasta bags that are in the freezer section the other day. The kind where all you have to do is heat it in a pan. I happened to look at the back of the bag before I started cooking it and saw that it had 42 grams of fat per serving!! I was shocked. I couldn’t eat it after that. I don’t think we always realize just how much fat we are eating a day.
I think it is each person’s responsibility to watch what they eat. After all we can’t force people to not become obese. There are things that can be done. In Oregon they just passed a measure that the middle schools and high school can no longer have junk food in their vending machines. I think this is a positive step. The schools should also have gym class everyday not just once a week. They wonder why our children are so over weight in our country but they only do PE once a week. Most kids probably come home from school and park themselves in front of the TV all day. We need to start out with our children learning what is healthy to eat at school. They need to put a bigger emphasis on exercise and health in public schools. The health issues from obesity are staggering. Diabetes, heart attacks and hypertension are all scary illnesses but they don’t seem to be scary enough to prevent people from becoming obese. I have to admit I love chocolate and baking goodies. So it’s hard not to over eat. I think the key is everything in moderation. I’m not over weight and I still enjoy baking chocolate chip cookies often, but I also try not to eat other fatty things like deep fried things a lot. I buy fat free or low fat when ever possible. If you look at the media our culture seems to be either anorexic looking or obese the media doesn’t portray a healthy body image in our country.
As much as our country loves fast food, deep-fried and fatty foods I don’t see our obesity epidemic slowing down any in the future. If anything I think by the time my kids are grown up the majority of Americans will be over weight if not obese. This is an issue that is going to be ever present in our country. All of us as a society will be paying for it with our insurance costs ever rising to keep up with the health expenses involved with obesity.
These are before and after pictures of gastric bypass surgery. This surgery is becoming more and more popular in our country due to the rising rates of obesity. The picture below shows how the stomach is almost removed and then a small pouch is made to hold their food. Because they no longer have a large stomach that can stretch like it use to the person can no longer over eat.
Unit II compendium review II Nutrition
Review II unit II
Nutrition: Digestion, glucose diffusion (diabetes) and diet.
In these two pictures you can see Diabetic testing supplies. The top picture is a devise that tells you your blood sugar levels. The bottom picture is insulin and syringes.
Nutrition: Digestion, glucose diffusion (diabetes) and diet.
In this picture you can see the human bodies digestive system.
Digestion:
Digestion is a process that starts with your mouth. Food is put into your mouth and chewed up; it mixes with saliva and then is swallowed. When we swallow food it goes threw our pharynx down our esophagus and into our stomach. During digestion food is passed from one organ to the next to be processed. After all usable nutrients are taken from it the remains are expelled from our bodies. Once food enters the stomach it starts the process of digesting proteins. The stomach controls movement into the small intestine. The stomach is very acidic this helps kill off bacteria. From the stomach food slowly enters the small intestine. A duct in the small intestine delivers bile from the gallbladder and liver. The bile helps break down fats. Pancreatic juices are also introduced. The small intestine wall absorbs sugars, amino acids and fatty acids. From the small intestine it moves on to the large intestine. The large intestine includes the colon and the rectum. The colon absorbs water; this forms stool that then exits the body threw the rectum.
Digestion is a process that starts with your mouth. Food is put into your mouth and chewed up; it mixes with saliva and then is swallowed. When we swallow food it goes threw our pharynx down our esophagus and into our stomach. During digestion food is passed from one organ to the next to be processed. After all usable nutrients are taken from it the remains are expelled from our bodies. Once food enters the stomach it starts the process of digesting proteins. The stomach controls movement into the small intestine. The stomach is very acidic this helps kill off bacteria. From the stomach food slowly enters the small intestine. A duct in the small intestine delivers bile from the gallbladder and liver. The bile helps break down fats. Pancreatic juices are also introduced. The small intestine wall absorbs sugars, amino acids and fatty acids. From the small intestine it moves on to the large intestine. The large intestine includes the colon and the rectum. The colon absorbs water; this forms stool that then exits the body threw the rectum.
In these two pictures you can see Diabetic testing supplies. The top picture is a devise that tells you your blood sugar levels. The bottom picture is insulin and syringes.Glucose: Glucose enters the body when you eat a meal. The glucose enters the blood stream and as a result your pancreas secrets insulin. The pancreas releases insulin into the blood stream to control high glucose levels. Cells take up the glucose and it is removed from the blood stream. The liver stores glucose so that it can be used later. In diabetes the pancreas does not produce insulin properly. So the diabetic person can have too low of blood sugar (glucose) called hypoglycemia or too high hyperglycemia. If they are too low they have to eat something with sugar, if they are too high they have to get an insulin shot. The majority of people that have diabetes in America have type 2, which can be caused by obesity. Diabetes can cause blindness, kidney disease and cardiovascular disease.
This is a picture of differant kinds of food.
Diet: An average adult woman is supposed to eat only 2,000 calories a day. A man is supposed to eat 2,500 a day. We are supposed to eat a balanced diet meaning several things from each different food group a day. By eating a variety of foods we can get our needed vitamins and minerals. According to the food pyramid we are suppose to eat 5-11 bread and grain servings a day, 2-4 fruit, 3-5 vegetable, 2-3 dairy and 2-3 meat and protein servings a day. This sounds like a lot but a serving size is not as big as most of us eat. There is a big temptation to eat things that are only supposed to be eaten sparingly. Like chocolate, candy and potato chips. Also how you cook the food can change the fat content. For example if something is baked it has less fat than being fried. The vitamins we get out of our food are very important. If we eat a diet lacking curtain vitamins illness can occur. For example a lack of vitamin C causes scurvy, vitamin D deficiency causes rickets. We have to learn to eat things that not only taste good but that are good for us.
Food for a day
This is a picture of what I ate for a day. I usually eat ceral or a muffin for breakfeast and then left overs from the night before for lunch. Dinner is what ever I can come up with to make everyone.
How healthy a daily diet do you think this is?
I think it is probably fairly healthy. It also kind of depends on how much you eat. Like if you eat a huge portion of lasagna it probably has a lot of fat in it even though it has vegetables and other stuff that is good for you.
What would you change about this days eating if anything?
I would probably just make sure I was eating a serving size and not stuffing my self full.
Do you find this kind of nutrition tracking helpful? Why or why not?
Yes I liked it because you don’t always realize how much fat is in things. I think I would like to keep track more often. It was a great web site.
Lab blood pressure simulator
These are the pictures of the blood pressure similator from the web site. I just copied the questions from the journel and posted them below.
State a problem about the relationship of age and gender to blood pressure.
Older men have higher blood pressure than younger men or older women.
Use your knowledge about the heart and the circulatory system to make a hypothesis about how the average blood pressure for a group of people would be affected by manipulating the age and gender of the group members.
Men usually have higher blood pressure, especially if they are older.
How will you use the investigation screen to test your hypothesis? What steps will you follow? What data will you record?
I now know that life style, sex, age and weight all play a role in blood pressure. I will take readings before exercise and after.
Analyze the result of your experiment. Explain any patterns you observed.
The older people got more of them had high blood pressure
Did the result of your experiment support your hypothesis? Why or why not? Based on your experiment what conclusion can you draw about the relationship of age and gender to group blood pressure averages?
Men will be higher than women. Men may engage in more behaviors that help cause high blood pressure, like salt and drinking alcohol.
During the course of your experiment, did you obtain any blood pressure reading that were outside of the normal range for the group being tested? What did you notice on the medical charts for these individuals that might explain their high reading?
Some were obese. Some ate too much salt, didn't exercise had a family history of it or drank alcohol.
List risk factors associated with the hypertension. Based on your observation, which risk factor do you think is most closely associated with hypertension?
Salt intake, no exercise, family history, alcohol drinker and obesity. I think a persons weight is most closely related.
What effect might obesity have on blood pressure?
It can cause the heart to have to work harder to pump the blood.
Does obesity alone cause a person to be at risk for high blood pressure?
I don’t think that it is the only thing other things can contribute to the high blood pressure. It also can cause it without other symptoms.
What other factors, in combination with obesity, might increase a person's risk for high blood pressure?
The kinds of food an obese person eats and Family history.
Older men have higher blood pressure than younger men or older women.
Use your knowledge about the heart and the circulatory system to make a hypothesis about how the average blood pressure for a group of people would be affected by manipulating the age and gender of the group members.
Men usually have higher blood pressure, especially if they are older.
How will you use the investigation screen to test your hypothesis? What steps will you follow? What data will you record?
I now know that life style, sex, age and weight all play a role in blood pressure. I will take readings before exercise and after.
Analyze the result of your experiment. Explain any patterns you observed.
The older people got more of them had high blood pressure
Did the result of your experiment support your hypothesis? Why or why not? Based on your experiment what conclusion can you draw about the relationship of age and gender to group blood pressure averages?
Men will be higher than women. Men may engage in more behaviors that help cause high blood pressure, like salt and drinking alcohol.
During the course of your experiment, did you obtain any blood pressure reading that were outside of the normal range for the group being tested? What did you notice on the medical charts for these individuals that might explain their high reading?
Some were obese. Some ate too much salt, didn't exercise had a family history of it or drank alcohol.
List risk factors associated with the hypertension. Based on your observation, which risk factor do you think is most closely associated with hypertension?
Salt intake, no exercise, family history, alcohol drinker and obesity. I think a persons weight is most closely related.
What effect might obesity have on blood pressure?
It can cause the heart to have to work harder to pump the blood.
Does obesity alone cause a person to be at risk for high blood pressure?
I don’t think that it is the only thing other things can contribute to the high blood pressure. It also can cause it without other symptoms.
What other factors, in combination with obesity, might increase a person's risk for high blood pressure?
The kinds of food an obese person eats and Family history.
Sunday, June 17, 2007
Unit one evaluation
REGARDING YOUR OWN PERFORMANCE
1. What were the three aspects of the assignments I've submitted that I am most proud of?
1. What were the three aspects of the assignments I've submitted that I am most proud of?
Well I'm proud that I got it all done. I figured out how to prnt scrn and blog both things I've never done before. I think the cell turned out pretty good, it was a very intimidating assignment.
2. What two aspects of my submitted assignments do I believe could have used some improvement?
I really wasn't sure how much detail to go into. At the same time I didn't want to go on and on or I'd never get all of the assignments done for the unit.
3. What do I believe my overall grade should be for this unit?
I'm not really sure I still don't know if I did enough. I would like to say an A or B.
4. How could I perform better in the next unit?
I think I might need to have a tutor read over my papers before I submit them. I didn't really have time this unit to do that. I tend to miss grammatical errors.
REGARDING THE UNIT (adapted from Stephen Brookfield, University of St. Thomas "Critical Incident Questionnaire")
At what moment during this unit did you feel most engaged with the course?
I think after I reread everything and truley understood the concepts.
At what moment unit did you feel most distanced from the course?
Trying to understand DNA, cells and heredity online without being able to raise my hand and ask a question.
What action that anyone (teacher or student) took during this unit that find most affirming and helpful?
I liked the detailed instructions for each assignment they were helpful. I also can't believe the amount of work you (the teacher) has put into prepairing this class. I have taken 3 other online classes but none of them were so organized and detailed.
What action that anyone (teacher or student) took during this unit did you find most puzzling or confusing?
I'm not sure that anyone did anything puzzling this unit.
What about this unit surprised you the most? (This could be something about your own reactions to the course, something that someone did, or anything else that occurs to you.)
I think the amount of time it took to do everything surprised me. I was very involved and I had to work on it for several hours a day every day.
Friday, June 15, 2007
online lab #2 genetics
Your genes make up who you are. From your IQ to your freckles, your genes help decide who you will be as an adult. Each of our traits like big feet is inherited from our parents. Each one of our parents passes on to us a dominant or recessive gene for each trait. In order to get a curtain trait we either have to have two recessive genes (one from each parent) or a dominant gene for the trait. If two parents have brown eyes but also carry the recessive gene for blue there is still a 25 % chance that their child can have blue eyes. Genetic inheritance is important to evolution of life because it keep the population ever changing. Also if a person carried a curtain disease that caused them to die young then they wouldn’t have a chance to pass on that disease. Over the years our body's have evolved. One generation after another has passed on traits to help us adapt to our enviroment better and so on. Till we have become the human beings we all are today. Threw this process we have been able to survive longer, hunt better and be healthier.
The key terms for heredity are:
Genotype
“Genotype refers to the genes of the individual.” (Mader Pg422) Genotype is for a particular trait or traits.
Phenotype
Phenotype means traits an individual has like long toes or small teeth.
Allele
Alleles are the set of instructions in a person’s chromosomes that told it what traits to have when the person was developing. You get one allele for each trait from each parent.
Cross
Are the mothers gene type “crossed” with the father’s. For example if both parents are heteroygous meaning they carry both recessive and dominant geneotype, then a cross would be what their children’s chances are for inheriting that trait. It is usually illustrated by a chart like the bug chart; with one parent on one side and the other on another side.
Dominant
A dominant gene trait means that if that person had kids this trait would be most likely because it is dominant.
Recessive
Recessive gene traits are less likely to pass that trait on, unless their spouse also carries the recessive trait.
Genotype
“Genotype refers to the genes of the individual.” (Mader Pg422) Genotype is for a particular trait or traits.
Phenotype
Phenotype means traits an individual has like long toes or small teeth.
Allele
Alleles are the set of instructions in a person’s chromosomes that told it what traits to have when the person was developing. You get one allele for each trait from each parent.
Cross
Are the mothers gene type “crossed” with the father’s. For example if both parents are heteroygous meaning they carry both recessive and dominant geneotype, then a cross would be what their children’s chances are for inheriting that trait. It is usually illustrated by a chart like the bug chart; with one parent on one side and the other on another side.
Dominant
A dominant gene trait means that if that person had kids this trait would be most likely because it is dominant.
Recessive
Recessive gene traits are less likely to pass that trait on, unless their spouse also carries the recessive trait.
In the online labs you had to match the second dragon to the first one. You had to change which traits the dragon had by changing the gene they inherited. It was tricky though because I thought you weren't allowed to change the first dragon only the second. So I would end up with the same dragon just with legs. But you had to change the leg gene on the first dragon so that the second one could inherit no legs. On the fly lab you had two parents and you had to fill in what their chances are of having what type of child. The parents were both heterozygous meaning they carried a domanant and a recessive gene. So they had a 1-4 chance of having a child with the two recessive genes.
Overall it is very important who you came from and what genes you have inherited. They can look at your genes and tell what your chances of inheriting cancer are if you have a history of illness in your family. Some psychologists believe that you can inherit an addictive gene meaing that you would be more likely to become an addict if your parents were or an alcoholic. They also have done research to prove that people grow up with close to the same IQ's as their biological parents, even if they weren't raised by them. Genes are an important part of society and the world. Every animal passes on their traits to their offspring. With out genes we might all just be identical beings. Genes are critical to evolving.
Work Cited: Madder, Sylvia S. “Human Biology” 10th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2007.
Thursday, June 14, 2007
cell lab part III
DNA replication turning into 2 identical strands of DNA.
In this picture "The polypeptide will be transferred to the tRNA-amino acid."(Mader pg451)
Work Cited: Madder, Sylvia S. “Human Biology” 10th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2007.
DNA molecule made out of a pipe cleaner. 
DNA transcprition to mRNA.
The following pictures are a model of the process of mRNA translation to proteins.
The following pictures are a model of the process of mRNA translation to proteins.
In this picture the 2 ribosomal sub units come together with mRNA and tRNA-amino acid.
In this picture "The polypeptide will be transferred to the tRNA-amino acid."(Mader pg451)
In this picture "One tRNA is out going and another tRNA is incoming" (Mader pg 451)
In this picture the ribosome stops and releases the polypeptide. A protein molicule is made up of polypeptides.
Work Cited: Madder, Sylvia S. “Human Biology” 10th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2007.
Cell lab part II
Picture #1Stages of mitosis: Stage one is early prophase. The nucleus disappears. Chromatin is turning into chromosomes.
Picture #2
Stage 2 chromosomes are present and spindle fibers are forming. The chromosomes are made up of double stranded DNA conected at the center by a centromere. The nucleus has disapeared.
Picture#3 Chromosomes are aligned down the center. Spindle fibers are attached to the chromatids coming from opposite sids. Picture #4
The orange pipe cleaners represent the spindle poles. The fuzzy balls in the center of the chromosomes are centromere. The rest is made of play dough.
Picture #2
Stage 2 chromosomes are present and spindle fibers are forming. The chromosomes are made up of double stranded DNA conected at the center by a centromere. The nucleus has disapeared.
Picture#3 Chromosomes are aligned down the center. Spindle fibers are attached to the chromatids coming from opposite sids. Picture #4
In picture four the chromatids seperate. They move toward opposite ends. Each side recieves the same # of chromosomes.
Picture #5
In pic 5 Nuclear envelope and nucleolus reappear.
Two seperate identical cells.
Picture 6
The orange pipe cleaners represent the spindle poles. The fuzzy balls in the center of the chromosomes are centromere. The rest is made of play dough. Cell Lab part I
This is my model of a cell. I used play dough, puffy balls, pipe cleaners, candy's raisin, nerds and other kinds of candy.
The cell is play dough this represents the cell wall or plasma membrane and the cytoplasm. The cytoplasm is the fluid like material that holds all the orangelles. Orangelles are the working parts of the cell outside of the nucleus. The nucleus is the ball in the center where the DNA is. The nuclear envelope is the purple ball. The red ball in the center is the nucleus. Below the nucleus is yellow string like candies these are the rough endoplasmic reticulm. With green nerds representing the ribosomes. Ribosomes help make proteins. Below the rough endoplasmic reticulm are the smooth reticulm. They are represented by the orange short strips of candy. They do not contain ribosomes. They synthesis lipids.
The gummy worms in this picture represent the golgi apparatus this processes and secretes cell products. The orange skittles represent lysosomes and vesicles. Vesicles are for storage and transportation and storage. Lysomes digest cells parts. The raisins are mitochondrion they carry out cellular respiration. The white pipe cleaners are cilla and fagella made of microtubules. These are protien cylinders.
Tuesday, June 12, 2007
Ethical Issue Essay Unit I
Genetic Engineering could it lead to a perfect society?
Ethical Issue Essay
Genetic engineering can serve many purposes. Cloning is done by a process called genetic engineering. When an animal or creature is cloned it has the same DNA as another living creature. Reproductive cloning could be used to produce animals with certain diseases for studying and testing. It could be used to repopulate endangered animals. Therapeutic cloning is when human embryos are produced in order to harvest their stem cells. Stem cells are important because researches believe they may one day be able to treat different diseases with them. It could possibly be used to produce organs for transplants or to replace damaged cells. They may be able to genetically alter pigs so that their organs could be harvested to transplant in humans. Human insulin is produced by recombinant DNA technology. That way people with diabetes can use it instead of animal produced insulin. It is also used to genetically alter foods to improve taste and nutritional value. They can alter plants to be resistant to bugs and herbicides. With all these great potential advancements comes a highly debated argument about the potential for bad things with this technology.
View Point One: Could cloning turn into another Hitler situation?
Many people are concerned with what cloning could mean in the future. People are concerned that it might one day be used for vain shallow purposes. Like selecting a child based on physical characteristics. Selecting a baby based on sex or possible IQ traits. Or on the thought that maybe one day people wouldn’t just have children any more. Children could all be screened and pre-selected to be as physically and mentally perfect as possible. The world might try to create a super human race. People with money and power would have greater access to these technologies. This could potentially further divide the upper class from the lower. If wealthy people were the only ones to be able to design their children than this could put a huge gap in what a child could do when they grew up. The designer children could be selected to be pro athletes or have extremely high IQ’s. Where as the children made the old fashioned way would have un unfair disadvantage. There is a very real possibility for abusing the power of cloning and genetic engineering.
View Point Two: Genetic engineering could screen embryos for curtain diseases to help infants be born healthy.
It could be used to prescreen embryos for genetic diseases. This would benefit everyone, not just the child and the family but society. If parents new that cancer ran in their family or Alzheimer’s they could possibly screen for it and select a child who would not be predisposed to get that illness. Imagine not having to have your child endure an illness you had suffered with. That would be the best gift you could give a child a life free from diseases. Scientists are already able to do this with curtain illness; like once that are only predominant in a curtain sex. They can implant the mother with eggs of the opposite sex. So that they wont have a child with the illness. Scientists are also working on making it possible to transplant animal organs to humans. This would do away with our waiting list. People die in our country every day waiting for a donor to save their lives. This could possibly be a miracle discovery if they could develop a way to use all animal organs. The potential for good is amazing.
View point three: Are fertilized eggs people too?
There are moral issues with stem cell research. Some people believe that a baby starts at conception even though it hasn’t yet attached to the mother. So they believe that when the sperm inters the egg it is already a human. They object to growing the egg to retrieve stem cells from it. Even if the stems cells could potentially help others, they do not believe it is right. They believe it is killing a human being. They are also concerned that unethical scientist might go beyond a few days of development. They are concerned that scientists could develop a way to grow a child with out a host mother and then harvest it’s organs. This is a real extreme to the argument but you never know where technology and research could lead to. The majority of supporters for this argument are members of religious organizations.
View Point 4: Stem cell research could help everyone.
The opposite side to that argument is that the egg hasn’t attached to a womb and that they only grow it for 5 days. So it is still just a group of cells at this stage. Many eggs do not attach to the womb even after being implanted so there is no way of knowing how many of these research eggs would have actually survived. There are also thousands of couple who collected their eggs threw invitro fertilization. When a couple gets pregnant with the child they wanted many of them still have unwanted eggs in the freezer. So what happens to them? Many of them may just be thrown away. If a couple chooses to donate their eggs for research shouldn’t they be allowed? The stem cells could be used to help thousands of people. They could help spinal cord injury victims. It also has the potential to treat other diseases like Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s. The greater good seems to far out way the bad in their opinion current life is more important than potential life. Doctors, nurses and the majority or the medical community feel this way.
I think that the government or President Bush should allow stem cell research. I feel very strongly about this. I believe that who ever is the next president will allow the research to continue. I think there are far too many benefits to not continue. The diseases that this could help are extremely debilitating to the person and their whole family. This research could improve their quality of life. It would also be a benefit to society. A lot of the people living with Alzheimer’s and other diseases are living in care homes paid for by our taxes. So if people could live on their own longer it would be a benefit financially to our government. Over all the people living are more important than a potential embryo that hasn’t even been put inside a woman. To have stem cell research denied because it is a potential human but abortions in the third trimester legal in our country is absolute hypocrisy, it’s absurd. Overall there are endless benefits to all kinds of genetic engineering. That hopefully one day will unlock many medical mysteries. Maybe by the time we are senior citizens we won’t have to worry about losing our minds to Alzheimer’s.
Ethical Issue Essay
Genetic engineering can serve many purposes. Cloning is done by a process called genetic engineering. When an animal or creature is cloned it has the same DNA as another living creature. Reproductive cloning could be used to produce animals with certain diseases for studying and testing. It could be used to repopulate endangered animals. Therapeutic cloning is when human embryos are produced in order to harvest their stem cells. Stem cells are important because researches believe they may one day be able to treat different diseases with them. It could possibly be used to produce organs for transplants or to replace damaged cells. They may be able to genetically alter pigs so that their organs could be harvested to transplant in humans. Human insulin is produced by recombinant DNA technology. That way people with diabetes can use it instead of animal produced insulin. It is also used to genetically alter foods to improve taste and nutritional value. They can alter plants to be resistant to bugs and herbicides. With all these great potential advancements comes a highly debated argument about the potential for bad things with this technology.
View Point One: Could cloning turn into another Hitler situation?
Many people are concerned with what cloning could mean in the future. People are concerned that it might one day be used for vain shallow purposes. Like selecting a child based on physical characteristics. Selecting a baby based on sex or possible IQ traits. Or on the thought that maybe one day people wouldn’t just have children any more. Children could all be screened and pre-selected to be as physically and mentally perfect as possible. The world might try to create a super human race. People with money and power would have greater access to these technologies. This could potentially further divide the upper class from the lower. If wealthy people were the only ones to be able to design their children than this could put a huge gap in what a child could do when they grew up. The designer children could be selected to be pro athletes or have extremely high IQ’s. Where as the children made the old fashioned way would have un unfair disadvantage. There is a very real possibility for abusing the power of cloning and genetic engineering.
View Point Two: Genetic engineering could screen embryos for curtain diseases to help infants be born healthy.
It could be used to prescreen embryos for genetic diseases. This would benefit everyone, not just the child and the family but society. If parents new that cancer ran in their family or Alzheimer’s they could possibly screen for it and select a child who would not be predisposed to get that illness. Imagine not having to have your child endure an illness you had suffered with. That would be the best gift you could give a child a life free from diseases. Scientists are already able to do this with curtain illness; like once that are only predominant in a curtain sex. They can implant the mother with eggs of the opposite sex. So that they wont have a child with the illness. Scientists are also working on making it possible to transplant animal organs to humans. This would do away with our waiting list. People die in our country every day waiting for a donor to save their lives. This could possibly be a miracle discovery if they could develop a way to use all animal organs. The potential for good is amazing.
View point three: Are fertilized eggs people too?
There are moral issues with stem cell research. Some people believe that a baby starts at conception even though it hasn’t yet attached to the mother. So they believe that when the sperm inters the egg it is already a human. They object to growing the egg to retrieve stem cells from it. Even if the stems cells could potentially help others, they do not believe it is right. They believe it is killing a human being. They are also concerned that unethical scientist might go beyond a few days of development. They are concerned that scientists could develop a way to grow a child with out a host mother and then harvest it’s organs. This is a real extreme to the argument but you never know where technology and research could lead to. The majority of supporters for this argument are members of religious organizations.
View Point 4: Stem cell research could help everyone.
The opposite side to that argument is that the egg hasn’t attached to a womb and that they only grow it for 5 days. So it is still just a group of cells at this stage. Many eggs do not attach to the womb even after being implanted so there is no way of knowing how many of these research eggs would have actually survived. There are also thousands of couple who collected their eggs threw invitro fertilization. When a couple gets pregnant with the child they wanted many of them still have unwanted eggs in the freezer. So what happens to them? Many of them may just be thrown away. If a couple chooses to donate their eggs for research shouldn’t they be allowed? The stem cells could be used to help thousands of people. They could help spinal cord injury victims. It also has the potential to treat other diseases like Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s. The greater good seems to far out way the bad in their opinion current life is more important than potential life. Doctors, nurses and the majority or the medical community feel this way.
I think that the government or President Bush should allow stem cell research. I feel very strongly about this. I believe that who ever is the next president will allow the research to continue. I think there are far too many benefits to not continue. The diseases that this could help are extremely debilitating to the person and their whole family. This research could improve their quality of life. It would also be a benefit to society. A lot of the people living with Alzheimer’s and other diseases are living in care homes paid for by our taxes. So if people could live on their own longer it would be a benefit financially to our government. Over all the people living are more important than a potential embryo that hasn’t even been put inside a woman. To have stem cell research denied because it is a potential human but abortions in the third trimester legal in our country is absolute hypocrisy, it’s absurd. Overall there are endless benefits to all kinds of genetic engineering. That hopefully one day will unlock many medical mysteries. Maybe by the time we are senior citizens we won’t have to worry about losing our minds to Alzheimer’s.
These pictures are of a fertilized egg (blastocyst) at 5 days and a baby at 16 weeks second trimester. I think if you look at these it would make you question why our president is vetoing a stem cell bill that is currently being passed in congress. Yet we still have legal abortions in most states upto 2o something weeks depending on the state. Our country needs to figure out what is really important.
Work Cited:
Madder, Sylvia S. “Human Biology” 10th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2007.Blastocyst picture: http://advancedfertility.com/blastocystimages.htm This is at five days.
Fetus at 16 weeks second trimester: http://www.wprc.org/parenting/fetal-development/second-trimester/
Madder, Sylvia S. “Human Biology” 10th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2007.Blastocyst picture: http://advancedfertility.com/blastocystimages.htm This is at five days.
Fetus at 16 weeks second trimester: http://www.wprc.org/parenting/fetal-development/second-trimester/
Monday, June 11, 2007
Compendium review Unit one #2
Unit I Compendium Review
Topic two: Genetics
-Cell division-mitosis
-Role of DNA/genes in controlling cell metabolism
-Recombinant DNA technology (genetic engineering)
-Early fetal development
-Role of Genes/chromosomes in inheritance
-Cellular basis for cancer
Topic two: Genetics
-Cell division-mitosis
-Role of DNA/genes in controlling cell metabolism
-Recombinant DNA technology (genetic engineering)
-Early fetal development
-Role of Genes/chromosomes in inheritance
-Cellular basis for cancer
Cell Division-mitosis
When cells divide the new cell is called a daughter cell and it is genetically identical to the original “parent cell.” They contain the same genes or DNA. Inside a cell there are 23 pairs of chromosomes. Each pair is made up of 2 separate chromosomes attached together by a centromere. During mitosis the chromosomes separate and link up with a sister chromatid and becomes duplicated. There are four phases of mitosis: prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. The phases are all continues they do not stop between them they all flow together. In the prophase the cell prepares to divide. The duplicated centrosomes move to opposite ends of the nucleus. The nucleolus disappears. “Spindle fibers attach to the centromeres as the chromosomes continue to shorten and to thicken.” (Mader pg382) In metaphase the spindle takes over where the nucleolus use to be. The chromosomes align at the center of the spindle. In the anaphase the chromatids divide or separate with one going to each side of the spindle. During telophase two nucleuses reappear each receives their own chromosomes. After this phase cytokinesis takes place. This is when the cell divides into two new identical cells. Cells grow to replace damaged worn out cells or for growth.
Role of DNA/genes in controlling cell metabolism
The nucleus (where the DNA is) decides the order of amino acids in proteins. The proteins in a cell run the cells metabolism. Chromosomes are formed when the cell is dividing. Chromosomes are formed in the nucleus. When a new cell is being made DNA makes a copy of it’s self so that the new cell is identical to the old one. DNA is like the instruction book for the cell.
Recombinant DNA technology (genetic engineering)
With recombinant DNA technology scientists can take human recognition proteins insert them into a pig embryo; then when the cells multiply the pig grows up with all of its cells containing human recognition proteins. This would make the pig’s organs more compatible to humans for transplants. Genes can be cloned by putting one set of DNA into a new host cell. Then when the cell multiplies it will be genetically identical to the donor DNA. Plants can be genetically engineered to be resistant to bugs or herbicides. They can insert genes into animals fertilized eggs then put them back inside the animal to grow. This way they can alter the animal to be larger or stronger. They can inject alleles for a human disease into mice embryos so that they can study the mouse after it is born. Then they can test medications on the affected mice.
When cells divide the new cell is called a daughter cell and it is genetically identical to the original “parent cell.” They contain the same genes or DNA. Inside a cell there are 23 pairs of chromosomes. Each pair is made up of 2 separate chromosomes attached together by a centromere. During mitosis the chromosomes separate and link up with a sister chromatid and becomes duplicated. There are four phases of mitosis: prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. The phases are all continues they do not stop between them they all flow together. In the prophase the cell prepares to divide. The duplicated centrosomes move to opposite ends of the nucleus. The nucleolus disappears. “Spindle fibers attach to the centromeres as the chromosomes continue to shorten and to thicken.” (Mader pg382) In metaphase the spindle takes over where the nucleolus use to be. The chromosomes align at the center of the spindle. In the anaphase the chromatids divide or separate with one going to each side of the spindle. During telophase two nucleuses reappear each receives their own chromosomes. After this phase cytokinesis takes place. This is when the cell divides into two new identical cells. Cells grow to replace damaged worn out cells or for growth.
Role of DNA/genes in controlling cell metabolism
The nucleus (where the DNA is) decides the order of amino acids in proteins. The proteins in a cell run the cells metabolism. Chromosomes are formed when the cell is dividing. Chromosomes are formed in the nucleus. When a new cell is being made DNA makes a copy of it’s self so that the new cell is identical to the old one. DNA is like the instruction book for the cell.
Recombinant DNA technology (genetic engineering)
With recombinant DNA technology scientists can take human recognition proteins insert them into a pig embryo; then when the cells multiply the pig grows up with all of its cells containing human recognition proteins. This would make the pig’s organs more compatible to humans for transplants. Genes can be cloned by putting one set of DNA into a new host cell. Then when the cell multiplies it will be genetically identical to the donor DNA. Plants can be genetically engineered to be resistant to bugs or herbicides. They can insert genes into animals fertilized eggs then put them back inside the animal to grow. This way they can alter the animal to be larger or stronger. They can inject alleles for a human disease into mice embryos so that they can study the mouse after it is born. Then they can test medications on the affected mice.
Early fetal development
Meiosis is the start of fetal development. When a fetus develops it receives 23 pairs of chromosomes. Half of each pair is from the mom and the other half is from the dad. After the egg is fertilized the cells continue to split and multiply. Eventually the cells will form a human being.
Role of Genes/chromosomes in inheritance
Humans inherit on one allele from each parent, for each characteristic. Alleles are in pairs. Alleles determine if you will have red hair like your dad or brown like your mom. Your mom and dad both give you either a recessive or a dominant allele for each trait. It takes one dominant allele to cause a trait or two recessive alleles. A person can be homozygous dominant for a trait this means that they will always pass on that dominant gene. Or a person could be homozygous recessive meaning they always pass on a recessive gene for that trait. The other possibility is heterozygous meaning they could pass on a dominant or recessive gene. When a child is formed the mother’s egg carriers the recessive or dominant gene. It meets with the sperm that also contains a dominant or recessive gene. This is how the pair of genes or alleles is created. So to explain further if your parents both have a dominant gene for big feet then the chances of their child getting big feet is 100%. If one parent is dominant and one is recessive the child will also receive big feet. But if one parent is recessive and the other is heterozygous they child could end up with the recessive trait (small feet.) So every detail about our body is decided by the genes or chromosomes we receive from our parent
Cellular basis for cancer
Cancer cells are abnormal they do not resemble any other type of cell. They do not serve a function like other cells in the body. The nuclei in cancer cells are abnormal they are larger than normal ones. They can also have abnormal numbers of chromosomes. Cancer cells do not die they just keep reproducing. Normal cells die after dividing 60-70 times. Normal cells connect to their neighbors and stop dividing. Cancer cells just keep multiplying and pile on top of each other. Cancer invades other areas and tissues. A tumor that is benign doesn’t invade other tissues because it is encapsulated. Since it is surrounded by a capsule it is prevented from invading other areas. Cancer is caused by a cell that develops a mutation. Then it begins to reproduce it’s self rapidly. Cancers are a lot of times hereditary meaning you can inherit the cancer gene from your parents or relatives in your family tree. Chemical s can cause cancer as well. These chemicals are called carcinogens. Radiation from x-rays, ultraviolet light from tanning or sun light can cause cancer. There are five times more cases of skin cancer a year than lung cancer. Tobacco is a major cause of cancer because of all the added chemicals in it. The chemicals are known mutagens. This means that they are known to mutate cells and cause cancer. Pesticides and chemicals like asbestos, radon and benzidine also increase the risk of getting cancer. There are also viruses that can cause cancer; like hepatitis B, C, and HPV.
Work Cited:
Madder, Sylvia S. “Human Biology” 10th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2007.
Picture of blastocyte: http://www.paternityangel.com/Preg_info_zone/WeekByWeek/Weekly01.htm
Picture of Mitosis: http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/animals/cell/mitosis/label/
Picture of Cancer cells: http://www.cancer-info.com/canpic.htm
Picture of pig organs: http://www.newbedford.k12.ma.us/srhigh/oliveira/organsgeneralb.html
Picture of DNA:http://members.lycos.nl/TheDNApage/dnapix/lbdna24p.gif
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