Unit II Compendium Review 1
MAJOR TOPIC ONE: OXYGEN/MICROBES/IMMUNITY
(How cells of the body get oxygen)
(How body fights invasive cells)
• Cardiovascular System and Blood 5-6
• Cellular Respiration and Oxygen 5-6
*Immunity and Microbes 7
• AIDS
Cardiovascular system and blood:
The cardiovascular system is made up of the heart and blood vessels. The heart pumps blood threw the vessels and transports the blood. It maintains blood pressure. There are three types of vessels in our bodies: arteries, capillaries and veins. Arteries are large main veins leading from the heart delivering blood to the other vessels. When you feel your pulse it is in a main artery. Vessels are smaller veins that return blood to the heart. They have valves that prevent blood from going backwards. Capillaries are like tiny intricate webs of blood vessels covering every where so that all our cells receive oxygen from our blood. The heart is a muscular organ with four chambers. They have valves inside them that keep blood headed in the right direction. Blood goes from the heart into the lungs to receive more oxygen it is then called O2 rich blood. It circulates our bodies and comes back as O2 poor blood. Our lungs oxygenate our blood. The heart muscle beats then relaxes. When doing blood pressure the working or pumping part of the reading is called the systole number (the higher #) When the heart is relaxed the number is a diastole reading or number. (The lower #) Normal blood pressure is in where from 95-135 over 50-90. Arteries can become narrowed because of cholesterol and fatty deposits. When this happens the heart has to work much harder to pump the blood threw. Sometimes blood clots can form. If they travel to the heart or brain and block an artery it will cause a heart attack or stroke.
In this picture you can see how a blood clot causes a heart attack.
This picture below shows an artery with red and white blood cells.
This picture below shows an artery with red and white blood cells.
This is a picture of an constricted blood vessel that has plaque or fatty material and cholesterol slowing down the flow of blood. Notice how small the whole is that blood has to flow threw.
Cellular Respiration and Oxygen:
“Blood delivers oxygen from the lungs and nutrients from the digestive tract to the tissues, where an exchange takes place. It picks up and transports carbon dioxide and wastes away from tissues to exchange surfaces in the lungs and kidneys.” (Mader pg 106)
Red blood cells are a unique kind of cell the do not have a nucleus like other cells. They contain hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is what makes our blood red. The iron group in the cell collect oxygen from the lungs and disperses it threw out the tissues. “Each red blood cell can carry over a billion copies of oxygen.” (Mader 108) Red blood cells don’t contain all of the organelles that other cells have. Instead they use up all of that extra space carrying oxygen molecules. Red blood cells also carry carbon dioxide to our lungs where it diffuses out of our blood. In this way red blood cells help oxygenate our whole system. They also provide oxygen to all the different cells in our body, helping them to maintain their functions.
“Blood delivers oxygen from the lungs and nutrients from the digestive tract to the tissues, where an exchange takes place. It picks up and transports carbon dioxide and wastes away from tissues to exchange surfaces in the lungs and kidneys.” (Mader pg 106)
Red blood cells are a unique kind of cell the do not have a nucleus like other cells. They contain hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is what makes our blood red. The iron group in the cell collect oxygen from the lungs and disperses it threw out the tissues. “Each red blood cell can carry over a billion copies of oxygen.” (Mader 108) Red blood cells don’t contain all of the organelles that other cells have. Instead they use up all of that extra space carrying oxygen molecules. Red blood cells also carry carbon dioxide to our lungs where it diffuses out of our blood. In this way red blood cells help oxygenate our whole system. They also provide oxygen to all the different cells in our body, helping them to maintain their functions.
This is an image of a vaccination.
Immunity and Microbes:
When a person is vaccinated for a disease an antigen is injected into their body. Then their immune system fights off the invader building up immunity to the illness. This way if the person is exposed to that same illness their immune system will recognize it and know how to fight it off and they won’t catch it. Or when you have chicken pox’s as a child you won’t get it again for the same reason as a vaccine. This is called active immunity. Microbes can be good or bad organisms. Good microbes can be found in dairy products. Bad microbes are called pathogens. They cause diseases. Viruses are like parasites they have to have a host to live off of. Our bodies are made to defend against them. We are covered in skin to help prevent them from entering. If they do get in our system our white blood cells work to fight them off and kill them. Our memory b cells produce antibodies so if the same bacteria inter the body again they will be ready for them. Cytotoxic T-cells kill bad infected cells. Helper T-cells stimulate other immune cells to start working.
When a person is vaccinated for a disease an antigen is injected into their body. Then their immune system fights off the invader building up immunity to the illness. This way if the person is exposed to that same illness their immune system will recognize it and know how to fight it off and they won’t catch it. Or when you have chicken pox’s as a child you won’t get it again for the same reason as a vaccine. This is called active immunity. Microbes can be good or bad organisms. Good microbes can be found in dairy products. Bad microbes are called pathogens. They cause diseases. Viruses are like parasites they have to have a host to live off of. Our bodies are made to defend against them. We are covered in skin to help prevent them from entering. If they do get in our system our white blood cells work to fight them off and kill them. Our memory b cells produce antibodies so if the same bacteria inter the body again they will be ready for them. Cytotoxic T-cells kill bad infected cells. Helper T-cells stimulate other immune cells to start working.
This is a diagram of the AIDS viruse.
AIDS:
AIDS or Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome is a group of symptoms and infections resulting from a damaged immune system caused by HIV or Human Immunodeficiency virus. AIDS/HIV is spread threw bodily fluids: blood, semen and vaginal fluids. Mothers can pass the disease to their babies during birth or breast feeding. You can not get it from causal contact or even kissing. You would have to swallow a gallon of saliva to get it from kissing. The majority of people with AIDS got it from unprotected sex. Unprotected sex is the number one way that they disease is spread. A third of all new infections are from drug use and sharing syringes. Another common way to get it is threw an infected blood transfusion. (Wikipedia 07)
There is no cure for AIDS, but there are medications that slow down the progression. The current medications used are called HAART or highly active antiretroviral therapy. Doctors use a combination of medicines called a cocktail. The medication helps to keep blood cell counts up and hopefully prevent infections. Most patients have to take a large number of pills a day, to try to stay as healthy as possible.On average it takes about 10 years with out medication to progress from HIV to AIDS. After developing full blown AIDS most people only live 9 months. (Wikipedia 07) With treatment people in America have been living on average 24 years. People who are old or already have a weekend immune system don’t usually live as long. The disease also progresses quicker in children than adults. Having a weekend immune system causes the infected person to get sick very easily. Often times they die of AIDS related illnesses. For example: Pneumonia, Lymphoma, Kaposi Sarcomas, dementia and Tuberculosis are some of the most common related illnesses. Lymphoma is cancer of the limp nodes. Kaposi’s Sarcomas are cancerous lessons or tumors on the walls of blood vessels in the chest and body. AIDS also damages brain cells causing dementia.
An estimated 25 million people have died from AIDS since 1981. Worldwide there are between 33 million to 46 million people living with the virus. (Wikipedia 07)
There are a many misconceptions about AIDS in Africa. It’s a common belief that sex with a virgin will cure you of AIDS; because of this belief men are raping young girls and even children spreading the disease. There are also a lot of tribes at war and it is common practice to rape the women of the opposing tribe, further spreading the disease. Children are hugely affected by the AIDS in Africa. Mothers are spreading the disease to their babies at birth or while nursing. There are medications to help stop the spread at birth, but AIDS medications are expense and not widely available in Africa. The UN estimates that there are 2.3 million children under 15 living with HIV. There is also a huge problem with children becoming orphans, when so many adults are dying of AIDS. In sub Saharan Africa 57% of infected people are women. Young women ages 15-24 are three times more likely to have HIV, then boys their same age. Over 64% of people living with HIV live in South Africa. (Wikipedia 07)
Each year more and more people contract and die from the disease than the year before. Scientists are working hard to find a cure. They have developed better medications over the years. People are living longer with treatment than ever before. But they still will eventually die very prematurely. It is important to learn about HIV/AIDS because it is a deadly epidemic. Educating yourself and others will help prevent the spread of the disease. Just because the largest number of infected people live in Africa doesn’t mean you can’t get it here in America too.
References
Wikipedia (2007), online encyclopedia. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/aids
Madder, Sylvia S. “Human Biology” 10th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2007.
AIDS or Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome is a group of symptoms and infections resulting from a damaged immune system caused by HIV or Human Immunodeficiency virus. AIDS/HIV is spread threw bodily fluids: blood, semen and vaginal fluids. Mothers can pass the disease to their babies during birth or breast feeding. You can not get it from causal contact or even kissing. You would have to swallow a gallon of saliva to get it from kissing. The majority of people with AIDS got it from unprotected sex. Unprotected sex is the number one way that they disease is spread. A third of all new infections are from drug use and sharing syringes. Another common way to get it is threw an infected blood transfusion. (Wikipedia 07)
There is no cure for AIDS, but there are medications that slow down the progression. The current medications used are called HAART or highly active antiretroviral therapy. Doctors use a combination of medicines called a cocktail. The medication helps to keep blood cell counts up and hopefully prevent infections. Most patients have to take a large number of pills a day, to try to stay as healthy as possible.On average it takes about 10 years with out medication to progress from HIV to AIDS. After developing full blown AIDS most people only live 9 months. (Wikipedia 07) With treatment people in America have been living on average 24 years. People who are old or already have a weekend immune system don’t usually live as long. The disease also progresses quicker in children than adults. Having a weekend immune system causes the infected person to get sick very easily. Often times they die of AIDS related illnesses. For example: Pneumonia, Lymphoma, Kaposi Sarcomas, dementia and Tuberculosis are some of the most common related illnesses. Lymphoma is cancer of the limp nodes. Kaposi’s Sarcomas are cancerous lessons or tumors on the walls of blood vessels in the chest and body. AIDS also damages brain cells causing dementia.
An estimated 25 million people have died from AIDS since 1981. Worldwide there are between 33 million to 46 million people living with the virus. (Wikipedia 07)
There are a many misconceptions about AIDS in Africa. It’s a common belief that sex with a virgin will cure you of AIDS; because of this belief men are raping young girls and even children spreading the disease. There are also a lot of tribes at war and it is common practice to rape the women of the opposing tribe, further spreading the disease. Children are hugely affected by the AIDS in Africa. Mothers are spreading the disease to their babies at birth or while nursing. There are medications to help stop the spread at birth, but AIDS medications are expense and not widely available in Africa. The UN estimates that there are 2.3 million children under 15 living with HIV. There is also a huge problem with children becoming orphans, when so many adults are dying of AIDS. In sub Saharan Africa 57% of infected people are women. Young women ages 15-24 are three times more likely to have HIV, then boys their same age. Over 64% of people living with HIV live in South Africa. (Wikipedia 07)
Each year more and more people contract and die from the disease than the year before. Scientists are working hard to find a cure. They have developed better medications over the years. People are living longer with treatment than ever before. But they still will eventually die very prematurely. It is important to learn about HIV/AIDS because it is a deadly epidemic. Educating yourself and others will help prevent the spread of the disease. Just because the largest number of infected people live in Africa doesn’t mean you can’t get it here in America too.
References
Wikipedia (2007), online encyclopedia. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/aids
Madder, Sylvia S. “Human Biology” 10th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2007.
Narrow Artery: http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/CVHTML/CV007.html
Heart Attack: http://www.medicinenet.com/heart_attack/article.htm
AIDS: http://sites.unc.edu/daniel/11fall97/finals11/carraina/AIDS.html
Red blood cells cardio system: http://search.live.com/images/results.aspx?q=Red+Blood+Cell&mkt=en-US#
Syringe: http://familydoctor.org/online/famdocen/home/common/diabetes/treatment/253.html
Heart Attack: http://www.medicinenet.com/heart_attack/article.htm
AIDS: http://sites.unc.edu/daniel/11fall97/finals11/carraina/AIDS.html
Red blood cells cardio system: http://search.live.com/images/results.aspx?q=Red+Blood+Cell&mkt=en-US#
Syringe: http://familydoctor.org/online/famdocen/home/common/diabetes/treatment/253.html
No comments:
Post a Comment